A. Which are icons (looks or sounds like its meaning) or symbols (no natural resemblance)?
1. A striped pole signifying a barber shop is _______________
2. The word 'apple' signifying the fruit 'apple' is ____________
3. The word ha-ha-ha signifying laughter is _______________
4. The word 'Ouch!' signifying sudden pain is ______________
B. Which are natural indexes (a sign naturally connected in space and time with its meaning)?
1. Smoke signifying fire. 2. A sneeze signifying an irritation in the nose. 3. Thunder signifying lightning. 4. A striped pole signifying a barber shop. 5. The word sincerity. 6. The word "Ouch" signifying sudden pain.
C. Which word contains a bound root? rewrite, remit, rest, redo
D. Which word contains a cranberry morph? cranapple, lukewarm, hunter, tiger
E. Which pair shows symbolic fusion? long-length, rode-ride, smoke+fog-smog
F. Which pair shows simple fusion? wide-width, sit-sat, teach-teacher
G. Which abbreviation is a stub compound? prof, polysci, scuba, radar
H. Which abbreviation is a regular acronym? AIDS, econ (<economics), enthuse
I. Which acronym is an alphabetism? NATO, scuba, NOW, radar, UN
J. Which is a complex word? tiger, teacher, salamander, blackboard
K. Which is a compound word? salamander, escapism, enchilada, eardrum
L. Which is a simple word? salamander, error, eggs, walked
M. Which is a blend (portmaneau morpheme)? trashcan, polysci, smog
N. Which is an agglomeration? antidisestablishmentarianism, irregardless, triskaedekaphobia.
O. Which is a clipped word? smog, prof, egg, nose, scissors
P. Which is a back formation? enthuse, prof, unknown.
Q. Which is an eponym? house, town, England, watt (of electricity, from James Watt)
R. What word building processes to the following non-English words exemplify?
wiki-wikiwiki (Hawaiian: move fast--swift), fikas-fumikas (Bontok: strong-become strong), chokma-ikchokmo (Chickasaw: hi is good-he is not good), kamsezdandereldiqtan (Kazakh, in view of the fact that they weren't guaranteed).
S. Which is a simple sentence? John and Mary were working. John worked and Mary worked. John thought that Mary worked.
T. Name the part of speech, tell which words belong to open or closed classes, and tell which are content words or function words: action, explodes, he, greenish, and, under, swiftly, the.
U. Which sentence contains a preposition and which contains a verbal particle? I woke them up. They walked up the stairs.
V. Which words contains a derivational affix? Which contain an inflectional affix?
eggs, walked, singing, rewrite, inventive, goodness, nudism, John's, worker, faster.
W. Language typology:
What type of language incorporates the verbal object as an affix on the verb?
What type of language has few complex words of any kind?
What type of language has few or no inflectional affixes, though it might have derivational affixes?
What type of language by definition has long concatenations of affixes?
What type of language has complex words but with only a few affixes rather than long chains of them?
What type of language has many inflectional affixes?
What type of language is Hebrew and Arabic? (salaam-islam-moslem)
X. Which sentences contain transitive verbs and which intransitive verbs?
He made bread. He made a good cook. The hot dogs sizzled. Dad burned the hot dogs again.
*Also know phrase structure rules (rules which specify what can constitute a syntactic category; ex.: a noun phrase may be a noun, an article and noun, an adjective and noun, etc.); subcategorization rules (rules which specify which words may or may not co-occur with a given word, such as which verbs can take objects and which cannot; parsing (dividing sentences into their constituent syntactic categories); recursion (the trait of unlimited repetition, for instance, phrase structure rules specify that many syntactic structures can be recursive: if a noun phrase can contain adjective and noun, then the adjective component is said to be recursive since the noun phrase may also contain two adjectives, or three adjectives, or a potentially unlimited number of adjectives. Know what suppletives are: pairs of words where the root changes instead of adding an inflection: go--went (instead of *goed), bad--worse (instead of *badder). Know that the asterisk * marks ill-formed words and sentences used as examples.
A. icon: the word ha-ha-ha. (Most words are symbols; only onomotopoetic words are icons.)
symbols: the word apple (like most words), the barber shop pole, the word 'Ouch!'
B. natural indexes: smoke, thunder, a sneeze. The rest are not natural. Any sign that is man made, including all words, may be used as an index in certain situations, but isn't a natural index.
C. Remit contains the bound root -mit. Other bound roots include -ceive, -ject, -sect, -gress.
D. luke is a cranberry morph because it doesn't appear in a single other English word yet has an obvious meaning. Other examples: uncouth, huckleberry.
E. symbolic fusion: rode-->ride. Other examples: sing-sang-sung, mouse-mice, dive-dove
F. simple fusion: wide-width. Other examples: long-length, example-exemplify.
G. stub compound: polysci. Other examples: phys-ed, sci-fi, hi-fi
H. acronym: AIDS. Other examples: scuba, radar, NATO, awol, dink (double income no kids)
I. alphabetism: UN. Other examples: VIP, DJ, TV, OK
J. complex word: teacher. Any word with at least one suffix or prefix is a complex word.
K. compound word: eardrum. Compounds must have two or more root morphemes.
L. simple word: salamander. A simple word has 1 root, no affixes (the root may be polysyllabic).
M. blend (portmanteau morpheme): smog (smoke+fog) the constituents of true blends cannot be divided syllable by syllable into separate morphemes (stub compounds like poly-sci can). Other blends: spork, brunch, infomercial.
N.agglomeration: irregardless contains a redundant morpheme ir. Other examples: overexaggerate
O. clipped word: prof is a clipping of prof(essor). Other examples: anth(ropology), bro(ther)
P. back-formation: enthuse made from "enthusiasm"
Q. eponym (common nouns made from proper nouns): watt. Others: sandwich, jello, kleenex, cologne.
R. What word building processes to the following non-English words exemplify?
wiki-wikiwiki (reduplication), fikas-fumikas (infixation), chokma-ikchokmo (circumfixation), kamsezdandereldiqtan (agglutination).
S. Which is a simple sentence? simple: John and Mary were working. compound: John worked and Mary worked. complex: John thought that Mary worked.
T. Parts of speech: action (N) noun, open class, content word; explodes (V) verb, open class, content word; he (Pron) pronoun, closed class, function word; greenish (Adj) adjective, open class, content word; and (conjunction, closed class, function word), under (P) preposition, closed class, function word; swiftly (Adv) adverb, open class, content word; the (Art) article, closed class, function word. Remember that function words all belong to closed classes and content word groups belong to open classes.
U. Which sentence contains a preposition and which contains a verbal particle? I woke them up. (verbal particle, acts like a detachable verbal prefix) They walked up the stairs. (preposition, governs a noun phrase: (up) the stairs.
V. derivational affixes: rewrite, inventive, goodness, nudism, worker.
inflectional affixes: eggs, walked, singing, John's, faster
W. Language typology:
- incorporates the object as an affix on the verb? A polysynthetic or incorporating language - few complex words of any kind? An isolating language. - few or no inflectional affixes? An analytical language. - has long concatenations of affixes in most words? An agglutinating language. - only a few affixes in each complex word? An inflecting or fusional language. - many inflectional affixes? A synthetic language. - Hebrew and Arabic Symbolic fusional languages.
X. Which sentences contain a transitive verb and which contains an intransitive verb? He made bread. (transitive verb with direct object "bread")
He made a good cook. (intransitive, linking verb, with predicate complement "a good cook")
The hot dogs sizzled. (intransitive verb, no object or complement)
Dad burned the hot dogs again. (transitive verb with direct object noun phrase "the hot dogs")