Phonology

Phonetics - properties of individual sounds in isolation

Phonology - how sounds interact as a system; grammar of sound

English phonology - the rules of how the phones of English interact

Standard American English has over 70 different speech sounds

NOt all english Phones are capable of contrasting to distinguish meaning

English has three phonetically distinct p-sounds

[p^Ó] (aspirated p) word-initial or at beginning of stressed syllable:

 pill     peak      appear   price  

[pÓIl]   [pÓi∆k}]     [´pÓI®]    [pÓ®a^Is]

[p] (unaspirated p) after /s/

spill         speak     spy         aspire

[spIl]        [spi∆k}]   [spa^I]      [´spa^I„]

[p}] (non-released p) in the syllable coda:

ship        loop         cupcake       upscale

[SIp}]  [luWp}]     [kÓ´p}kÓe∆k}]      [´p}ske∆l]

In phonology, phones are usually referred to as allophones

In English there are actually three allophones each of /p/, /k/ and /t/, distributed as described above for /p/

phoneme - a set of allophones that contrast with other such sets to produce different meanings

allophones of the same phoneme - phones that are naturally in complementary distribution

allophones of different phonemes - contrast freely to produced differences in meaning 

minimal pair - a pair of words with different meaning that differ only in a single sound segment:  light vs. right

Standard american English has about 35 phonemes